Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 28;15(1):10825. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92975-w.

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the effect of papain enzyme pretreatment on the bonding performance of self-etch adhesives (SEAs) to eroded dentin, assess its proteinizing effect, and examine the ultrastructure of the pretreated eroded dentin surface and resin-dentin interface. Artificially eroded dentin surfaces were created and pretreated with papain enzyme, while untreated eroded dentin surface served as a control. The treated dentin surfaces were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond 2 (SEB) and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (UBQ). Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was measured after 24-hour storage and after 10,000 thermocycles, between 5 °C and 55 °C. Additionally, the deproteinizing effect was evaluated by comparing changes in the amide-to-phosphate ratio using Raman microscopy. Dentin morphology and resin-dentin interface were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests, and t-tests (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with papain enzyme slightly increased the initial µTBS of SEB, while significantly increasing the initial µTBS of UBQ (p < 0.05). Furthermore, papain enzyme could stabilize the µTBS of both adhesives after thermocycles (p > 0.05). It also significantly reduced the amide-to-phosphate ratio (p < 0.05) altered the surface morphology and improved the structure of resin-eroded dentin interfaces. Deproteinization with papain enzyme dissolved the organic components on the eroded dentin surface, leading to the improvement of resin infiltration, increased thickness of the hybrid layer, and improved the bond durability of SEAs to eroded dentin. The application of the papain enzyme as a pretreatment has the potential to enhance and maintain the bonding performance of self-etch adhesives to eroded dentin. This leads to improved adhesion and restoration quality on compromised eroded dentin surfaces.

PMID:40155669 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-92975-w

J Dent. 2024 Nov 4:105450. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The degradation of the restorative-dentin interface due to endogenous dentin enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a significant issue that accelerates the deterioration of the dentin matrix and leads to the failure of restorative treatments. Caredyne Restore (CR), a novel glass ionomer cement (GIC) with zinc ions in its formulation, represents the latest effort to mitigate this issue. This investigation aimed to evaluate the MMPs inhibitory effect, marginal integrity, and cytotoxicity of CR compared to a conventional GIC, Fuji IX (FIX).

METHODS: The inhibitory effect of CR on MMPs activity was evaluated using in-situ zymography to visualize the endogenous gelatinolytic activity in the GIC-dentin interface. Additionally, CR’s sealing properties were investigated using dye-assisted confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) to assess marginal leakage across the GIC-dentin interface. Both in-situ zymography and CLSM observations were conducted 1 day and seven days after pH cycling. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the GIC eluates was examined on rat dental pulp cells (RPC-C2A). Assay measurements were performed after 24 and 48 h of incubation with test solutions prepared using various GIC eluate concentrations.

RESULTS: The MMPs activity of the CR specimens was significantly lower than that of FIX specimens after seven days of pH cycling. Signs of marginal leakage were also lower in the CR specimens. Comparison of CR and FIX eluates at the same concentration showed no significant difference in terms of biocompatibility.

CONCLUSIONS: Caredyne restore is capable of inhibiting endogenous enzyme activity and improving sealing properties, while maintaining sufficient biocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc ions released from Caredyne Restore offer a safe way to improve the quality of dental restorations and promote minimally invasive treatment, especially in lesions where the dentin matrix is susceptible to enzymatic degradation and recurrent caries.

PMID:39505291 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450

J Dent. 2024 Nov 4:105450. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The degradation of the restorative-dentin interface due to endogenous dentin enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a significant issue that accelerates the deterioration of the dentin matrix and leads to the failure of restorative treatments. Caredyne Restore (CR), a novel glass ionomer cement (GIC) with zinc ions in its formulation, represents the latest effort to mitigate this issue. This investigation aimed to evaluate the MMPs inhibitory effect, marginal integrity, and cytotoxicity of CR compared to a conventional GIC, Fuji IX (FIX).

METHODS: The inhibitory effect of CR on MMPs activity was evaluated using in-situ zymography to visualize the endogenous gelatinolytic activity in the GIC-dentin interface. Additionally, CR’s sealing properties were investigated using dye-assisted confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) to assess marginal leakage across the GIC-dentin interface. Both in-situ zymography and CLSM observations were conducted 1 day and seven days after pH cycling. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the GIC eluates was examined on rat dental pulp cells (RPC-C2A). Assay measurements were performed after 24 and 48 h of incubation with test solutions prepared using various GIC eluate concentrations.

RESULTS: The MMPs activity of the CR specimens was significantly lower than that of FIX specimens after seven days of pH cycling. Signs of marginal leakage were also lower in the CR specimens. Comparison of CR and FIX eluates at the same concentration showed no significant difference in terms of biocompatibility.

CONCLUSIONS: Caredyne restore is capable of inhibiting endogenous enzyme activity and improving sealing properties, while maintaining sufficient biocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc ions released from Caredyne Restore offer a safe way to improve the quality of dental restorations and promote minimally invasive treatment, especially in lesions where the dentin matrix is susceptible to enzymatic degradation and recurrent caries.

PMID:39505291 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450

J Dent. 2024 Nov 4:105450. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The degradation of the restorative-dentin interface due to endogenous dentin enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a significant issue that accelerates the deterioration of the dentin matrix and leads to the failure of restorative treatments. Caredyne Restore (CR), a novel glass ionomer cement (GIC) with zinc ions in its formulation, represents the latest effort to mitigate this issue. This investigation aimed to evaluate the MMPs inhibitory effect, marginal integrity, and cytotoxicity of CR compared to a conventional GIC, Fuji IX (FIX).

METHODS: The inhibitory effect of CR on MMPs activity was evaluated using in-situ zymography to visualize the endogenous gelatinolytic activity in the GIC-dentin interface. Additionally, CR’s sealing properties were investigated using dye-assisted confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) to assess marginal leakage across the GIC-dentin interface. Both in-situ zymography and CLSM observations were conducted 1 day and seven days after pH cycling. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the GIC eluates was examined on rat dental pulp cells (RPC-C2A). Assay measurements were performed after 24 and 48 h of incubation with test solutions prepared using various GIC eluate concentrations.

RESULTS: The MMPs activity of the CR specimens was significantly lower than that of FIX specimens after seven days of pH cycling. Signs of marginal leakage were also lower in the CR specimens. Comparison of CR and FIX eluates at the same concentration showed no significant difference in terms of biocompatibility.

CONCLUSIONS: Caredyne restore is capable of inhibiting endogenous enzyme activity and improving sealing properties, while maintaining sufficient biocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc ions released from Caredyne Restore offer a safe way to improve the quality of dental restorations and promote minimally invasive treatment, especially in lesions where the dentin matrix is susceptible to enzymatic degradation and recurrent caries.

PMID:39505291 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450

J Dent. 2024 Nov 4:105450. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The degradation of the restorative-dentin interface due to endogenous dentin enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a significant issue that accelerates the deterioration of the dentin matrix and leads to the failure of restorative treatments. Caredyne Restore (CR), a novel glass ionomer cement (GIC) with zinc ions in its formulation, represents the latest effort to mitigate this issue. This investigation aimed to evaluate the MMPs inhibitory effect, marginal integrity, and cytotoxicity of CR compared to a conventional GIC, Fuji IX (FIX).

METHODS: The inhibitory effect of CR on MMPs activity was evaluated using in-situ zymography to visualize the endogenous gelatinolytic activity in the GIC-dentin interface. Additionally, CR’s sealing properties were investigated using dye-assisted confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) to assess marginal leakage across the GIC-dentin interface. Both in-situ zymography and CLSM observations were conducted 1 day and seven days after pH cycling. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the GIC eluates was examined on rat dental pulp cells (RPC-C2A). Assay measurements were performed after 24 and 48 h of incubation with test solutions prepared using various GIC eluate concentrations.

RESULTS: The MMPs activity of the CR specimens was significantly lower than that of FIX specimens after seven days of pH cycling. Signs of marginal leakage were also lower in the CR specimens. Comparison of CR and FIX eluates at the same concentration showed no significant difference in terms of biocompatibility.

CONCLUSIONS: Caredyne restore is capable of inhibiting endogenous enzyme activity and improving sealing properties, while maintaining sufficient biocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc ions released from Caredyne Restore offer a safe way to improve the quality of dental restorations and promote minimally invasive treatment, especially in lesions where the dentin matrix is susceptible to enzymatic degradation and recurrent caries.

PMID:39505291 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450

J Dent. 2024 Nov 4;151:105450. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The degradation of the restorative-dentin interface due to endogenous dentin enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a significant issue that accelerates the deterioration of the dentin matrix and leads to the failure of restorative treatments. Caredyne Restore (CR), a novel glass ionomer cement (GIC) with zinc ions in its formulation, represents the latest effort to mitigate this issue. This investigation aimed to evaluate the MMPs inhibitory effect, marginal integrity, and cytotoxicity of CR compared to a conventional GIC, Fuji IX (FIX).

METHODS: The inhibitory effect of CR on MMPs activity was evaluated using in-situ zymography to visualize the endogenous gelatinolytic activity in the GIC-dentin interface. Additionally, CR’s sealing properties were investigated using dye-assisted confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) to assess marginal leakage across the GIC-dentin interface. Both in-situ zymography and CLSM observations were conducted 1 day and seven days after pH cycling. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the GIC eluates was examined on rat dental pulp cells (RPCC2A). Assay measurements were performed after 24 and 48 h of incubation with test solutions prepared using various GIC eluate concentrations.

RESULTS: The MMPs activity of the CR specimens was significantly lower than that of FIX specimens after seven days of pH cycling. Signs of marginal leakage were also lower in the CR specimens. Comparison of CR and FIX eluates at the same concentration showed no significant difference in terms of biocompatibility.

CONCLUSIONS: Caredyne restore is capable of inhibiting endogenous enzyme activity and improving sealing properties, while maintaining sufficient biocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc ions released from Caredyne Restore offer a safe way to improve the quality of dental restorations and promote minimally invasive treatment, especially in lesions where the dentin matrix is susceptible to enzymatic degradation and recurrent caries.

PMID:39505291 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450

J Dent. 2024 Nov 4;151:105450. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The degradation of the restorative-dentin interface due to endogenous dentin enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a significant issue that accelerates the deterioration of the dentin matrix and leads to the failure of restorative treatments. Caredyne Restore (CR), a novel glass ionomer cement (GIC) with zinc ions in its formulation, represents the latest effort to mitigate this issue. This investigation aimed to evaluate the MMPs inhibitory effect, marginal integrity, and cytotoxicity of CR compared to a conventional GIC, Fuji IX (FIX).

METHODS: The inhibitory effect of CR on MMPs activity was evaluated using in-situ zymography to visualize the endogenous gelatinolytic activity in the GIC-dentin interface. Additionally, CR’s sealing properties were investigated using dye-assisted confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) to assess marginal leakage across the GIC-dentin interface. Both in-situ zymography and CLSM observations were conducted 1 day and seven days after pH cycling. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the GIC eluates was examined on rat dental pulp cells (RPCC2A). Assay measurements were performed after 24 and 48 h of incubation with test solutions prepared using various GIC eluate concentrations.

RESULTS: The MMPs activity of the CR specimens was significantly lower than that of FIX specimens after seven days of pH cycling. Signs of marginal leakage were also lower in the CR specimens. Comparison of CR and FIX eluates at the same concentration showed no significant difference in terms of biocompatibility.

CONCLUSIONS: Caredyne restore is capable of inhibiting endogenous enzyme activity and improving sealing properties, while maintaining sufficient biocompatibility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Zinc ions released from Caredyne Restore offer a safe way to improve the quality of dental restorations and promote minimally invasive treatment, especially in lesions where the dentin matrix is susceptible to enzymatic degradation and recurrent caries.

PMID:39505291 | DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105450